Flammability tests for external cladding on buildings. It will burn easily. 8378. Inflammable and flammable are used to mean the same thing. Inspired by a provocative (in a good way) comment by FumbleFingers (above), I did some research into the evolution of the definitions of combustible, flammable, and inflammable in Webster's dictionaries over the past 200 years. There are two tests; this one illustrates Test Method 2, required for vinyl-coated fabric blackout linings. 384 Henaoui: Flammability and Combustibility of Cistus Plant Community Int. 2. Thus, Flammability is not a physical property. 1 – Combustibility Tests for Materials; and. Synthetic materials can melt, drip, and release toxic fumes when exposed to. Next is kerosene, in the C 12 to C 15 range, followed by diesel fuel and heavier fuel oils (like heating oil for. That said, all workers have the potential to come across situations where flammable or explosive limits must be acknowledged. 8C max (72 °-100F) – it will catch fire with a lighter. (3) Predictive models for the probability of ignition in Calluna-dominated heathlands/moorlands as a function of its dead-fuel proportion and FMC. Class E – Small flame test duration of 15 seconds with less than 15 cm flame spread. EnviroBuild’s Sentinel composite cladding is less combustible and flammable than uPVC cladding because it carries a lower Euroclass fire rating of B versus C/D, making it the safer choice. Vertical burning test for UL94 V-0, V-1, and V-2 rated materials; 3. Lower flammability limit (LFL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). The light hydrocarbon fuels, for example, are seen to produce flammable mixtures at near ambient temperatures and thus, for fire safety, require protection from sparks, flames and. Like other water-based, fire-resistant hydraulic fluids, the fire resistance is primarily accomplished by the water in the formulation. Vertical burning test for UL94 5V rated materials; 4. The ICC -ES Report lists two combustibility classifications in their rating system for outdoor structures attachedThe flammability of external claddings was historically controlled mostly by the application of prescriptive regulations using the concept of non-combustibility as the main parameter. areas, there are no flammability restrictions on the interior finish and unclassified materials (that is, more than 200 FSI) can be used. On its own, acrylic is flammable, burning at 560°F (293. development, and testing into the flammability of plastic building materials have. Note that different agencies and organizations have drastically different metrics for these labels! Most of the time, common folks like us use the terms “combustible” and. Combustible liquids have the ability to burn at temperatures that are usually above working temperatures. Class D – Small flame test duration of 30 seconds with less than 15 cm flame spread and a heat release of 750 watts per second or less. Flammability and ignitability. Non-combustible means: Applied to a material – not deemed combustible as determined by AS 1530. The following are the categories in order of degree of combustibility as well as flammability: Non-combustibility test (EN ISO 1182): This test determines the non-combustibility of homogeneous building materials. It is toxic by ingestion and inhalation and has a threshold limit value (TLV) of 50 parts per million (ppm) in. A horizontal burning test, where burning stops before 100mm. For example, acrylic paint is made from an acrylic polymer emulsion called polymethyl methacrylate. One of the largest causes for loss in process industries for both equipment and life is fire. Flammable materials, whether solid, liquid or gas, can burn with a flame at ambient temperatures. 2 Estimation of the dilution level to reduce the flammability of a liquid mixture Predictive mixing rule can also help to define the level of dilution needed to lower the flammability of aExample Sentences: (1) "Monasteries and convents face greater risks than other buildings in terms of fire safety," the article said, adding that many are built with flammable materials and located far away from professional fire brigades. Burn rate. What is the difference between combustible and ignitable? Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn. Tack on the – able suffix and you get flammable. Flammability codes: the basics. 025), but no significant correlation for combustibility (leaf-scale combustion rate vs. This long-titled test is the widely. 2. Flame and explosion limits for gases like propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more. Synthetic materials can melt, drip, and release toxic fumes when exposed to. But before you stoke the fire of fear, let's dive into the specifics. Let’s take a closer look. So, let’s take a look at the differences between physical and. 3. 7. A material is considered combustible if it has a flash point higher than 37. 8 ºC. Combustibility is determined by the chemical properties of a substance, usually whether the reaction of the substance with oxygen releases. This definition highlights just how similar combustible and flammable liquids are. 3°C). Flammable and combustible materials differ. The term is considered by many safety professionals to be the same as the lower explosive level (LEL). In fact, its. The answer is yes; acrylic is made of combustible materials and hence flammable. Flammability vs. most solid organic materials (such as sugar, flour, grain, wood, etc. Paper-faced gypsum wallboard does not pass the non-combustible faming criteria (Canadian Wood (Canadian Wood Council 1991)). In general, wood has complicated structure and composition. Z:COSE DOCSIIPPWritten ProgramsChemical Hygien e PlanFlammable and Combustible Liquids_CHP. V-2. (2007). This means that, in practice, it will catch fire as soon as it is exposed to a. Flammability refers to a substance’s ability to catch fire and sustain a flame, while combustibility goes a step further, indicating the potential for a substance to undergo rapid combustion or explode. NFPA 101 and NFPA 5000: Noncombustible Material. UL 94 is a plastics flammability standard released by the Underwriters Laboratories (USA). Flammability is calculated with the help of fire testing. The good news is that once you know the rules of physical vs chemical, it becomes much more obvious. Explanation of Flammability Tests. Burning stops within 30 seconds on a vertical part, permitting drops of plastic not in flames. predicted rate of spread; P = 0. Flammable and combustible liquids should be segregated and stored separately from incompatible materials such as acids, bases, corrosives and oxidizers. Flammability of Kerosene. 1. Density and temperature are intensive, when you combine 2 gallons of water the temperature stays at 20 deg (it does not become 40) and the density stays at approximately 1g/ml. Of the two terms, the older word for something capable of burning is. Hydrogen possesses the NFPA 704 's highest rating of 4 on the flammability scale because it is flammable when mixed even in small. Combustible materials can ignite or burn, typically producing heat or light. Combustible liquids have a flashpoint above at or above 37. Flammable: Combustible – Burns at room temperatures 22 °C – 37. This property depends on the chemical composition of the substance. Table 1A. FLAMMABILITY vs COMBUSTABILITY. This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for construction or is being stored. • Non-combustibility of materials is dependent on the test method and test conditions, as well as the definition. The. With such a high flash point, and even though it will burn, acrylic is not considered flammable by either the OSHA or WHMIS standards. Combustible materials have a higher flashpoint than flammable materials. The test is repeated 10AS 1530. It means something like "to put fire to a thing". Flammability is an innate idea of any material. Flammability diagram for the system mcthane-oxygen-nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and 26" C- - - - 1 I. However, there are factors to consider. In general, a substance is considered flammable if its flash point is less than 100°F (37. The whole experimental. While simple in concept, the problem of adequately defining flammability has long been recognized []. 1:1994 (R2016) Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures - Part 1: Combustibility test for materials. In organic compounds H and C elements are present, when heat is given. Though PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is naturally fire-resistant. A material will not be uniformly flammable, and, in fact, different compositions of the same material. 2. All three of these parameters are generated from the explosion severity test. 540. Wood is organic, carbon-rich material that catches fire easily when exposed to a heat source. This test measures the self-extinguishing time of the vertically oriented polymer specimen. Summary. It can easily ignite or catch fire if it is near or comes. Values above 75 fall into the Class C category. The degree of flammability or combustibility in air depends largely upon the volatility of the material, this is related to. 2. It is also known as combustibility or flammability, which describes a substance's ability to react with oxygen and release energy in the form of heat and light. The maximum heat release rate (PHRR) is the instantaneous calorific value (Son. Title: Ms S Author. PMMA has a flash point over 482°F (250°C) and autoignition temperature of 580°F (304. These fire and flammability standards are instrumental in the establishment of building codes, insurance requirements, and other fire regulations that govern the use of building materials, as well as in defining the appropriate criteria for the storage, handling, and transport of highly flammable substances. Once there is a thorough understanding of the pertinent flammability/ combustibility characteristics of materials processed, their extent, and duration – and once their hazardous Classes, Divisions, and Groups are established, then it becomes possible to select suitable electrical equipment TYPES. A material is considered flammable if it has a flash point of any temperature below 37. acetone . 3 3 As reported in the Fischer Scientific catalog. All oil-based paints are flammable. According to the U. 3. Horizontal burning test for UL94 HB rated materials; 2. Ammonia: With ammonia, chemical inhalation symptoms include cough, chest pain or tightness and difficulty breathing. Insulation flammability testing process to BS 5803-4. Flame spread. The word at the base is in-flammare (late Latin). Flammable materials have flashpoints below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, while combustible materials have flashpoints above 100 degrees Fahrenheit and below 200 degrees Fahrenheit. R. Plastics, like all organic materials, will burn. Paint thinner contains a combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have low combustibility and also low flammability. dichloroethane . 302)Detailed discussion concerning effects of fabric structure on FR, comfort and mechanical properties of cotton fabrics would be provided in this study. 1 standard combustibility test. If ingested, chlorine can cause burning, swelling and pain of the digestive tract, vomiting and bloody stools. The ratings achieved are used in building codes. The light hydrocarbon fuels, for example, are seen to produce flammable mixtures at near ambient temperatures and thus, for fire safety, require protection from sparks, flames and. Mixtures of the three gasses are usually depicted in a triangular diagram, known as a ternary plot. ) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis L. Flammability components included: combustibility (a, b); ignition temperature (c, d); time to ignition (e, f), and, fire sustainability (g, h). , Bureau of Mines [BOM] bulletins 450, 503, and 627). Flammable vs. Which of the following is a physical property? a. These flammability tests occur in a burn room which contributes to the measurement of heat release, smoke release and opacity, combustive gas release and total mass loss. If mixed with other fuel or additives, the flash point of kerosene will decrease, so it will burn at higher temperatures. A material that has a flash point ABOVE 61ºC. There may be suggestions below for improving the article. Flammable and combustible liquids vaporize and form flammable mixtures with air when in open containers, when leaks occur, or when heated. This page titled 1. For more information regarding your specific testing needs and our industrial safety management services, please contact: info@fauske. That doesn’t mean that you can be casual about your use of hydrochloric acid, mind you, there are definitely things. Flammability testing of upholstered furniture including mattresses is a complex process and fully reviewing the history, development and detail of these test methods is beyond the scope of this chapter. These ratings are established using small-scale tests in which approximately 5 by ½ inch samples are subject to a ¾ inch, 50W tirrel burner flame. Oppositely, flammables are more likely to form vapours in normal work environments, because their flash points are lower. a. These materials can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. (in)flammable means that it is easy to start the combustion. All of them vaporize at temperatures below the boiling point of water. It refers to the ability of the respective substance to burn or ignite, causing combustion or fire. Our more than 50 years of experience in fire investigations positions our multidisciplinary teams to assist in developing more resilient products as we analyze flammable materials, investigate fires, conduct combustibility. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion. . . 2 Combustibility Non- combustible is a defined term in the BCA. 54, 179–184, (1973). Most of these standards are inclined towards the testing of the flammability of interior and exterior building parts, as well as common household and commercial furniture. The most important thing you need to know concerning all of this is that different agencies and organizations have different standards for determining what flammability is and what combustibility is. Flammable is a material that can easily catch fire under normal circumstances and with the help of minimal ignition source. Combustible and flammable substances are the materials that can burn in the air. . The lower flammability limit as a percent can be converted to mass per unit volume through Eq. Necessary combustible dust testing, liquid flammability testing and other flammability hazard testing are defined by the unique setting of each work environment. Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above 100°F. Flammable vs Combustible: same thing? Flammable and combustible are NOT the same, even though sometimes used synonymously. In order for a hydrogen fire to occur, an adequate concentration of hydrogen, the presence of anBy Perrine Juillion / July 23, 2019. Combustibility. Materials flammability testing. 42 flammable gas is classified in in Category 1A, 1B or 2 according to the following Table 1. (uncountable) The condition of being flammable. In English, we think of in- as a prefix that means "not": inactive means "not active," inconclusive means "not. Polyurethane is widely used, with its two major applications, soft furnishings and insulation, having low thermal inertia, and hence enhanced flammability. The lack of independence between the four components adds to the complexity of quantifying flammability and of developing a standardized. Diesel fuel, according to some definitions, isn’t flammable at all. It can also burn the skin in high concentrations. combustibility test L. Moreover, when working with any flammable substance, caution must be exercised, and safety guidelines must be read and understood before any work can begin. The DOT defines Hazard Class 3, flammable liquid as a liquid with a flash point at or below 60°C (140°F). Combustibility definition: The quality or state of being combustible. 4A: Methods and Flammability is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4. Six species flammability classes were identified. The flammability limits were tested and defined by the ASTM-E 681 standard. 5. unless data shows them to meet the A simple spark is definitely not enough. In addition, burning polystyrene releases styrene gas that, when inhaled, can be severely detrimental to the nervous system. easily i. next lesson > Powered by Create your own unique. 4024 CANADA 877. 3. Numeric values for Class B are between 25 and 75. It is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a by-product. Flammability properties in terms of ignitability, sustainability, consumability and combustibility of the different peat/litter fuel-beds by means of easily measurable descriptors. (Source: The U. Carpenter K, Janssens M: Using heat release rate to assess combustibility of building products in the cone calorimeter. ”. 3 kPa. abstract. Generally, any substance that is classified as flammable has a much lower ignition temperature, or flashpoint, compared to one that is classified as combustible. Characteristics of highly flammable plants include: Dry and dead leaves or twigs. 2 of Part III, section 32 of the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous 69 Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria 70 † Category 4 is not part of the CLP regulation. A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Flammable Liquid: A liquid having a closed cup flash point below 100°F (38°C). At a concentration in air lower than the LFL, gas. DOT regulations, a flammable liquid is any liquid with a flash point below 140°F (60°C), which includes NFPA Class I flammable liquids and Class II combustible liquids. Flammability and combustibility are frequently used interchangeably but they are different chemical properties. burning. It means something like "to put fire to a thing". Combustibility- ignites with some effort (wood/paper) Reactivity- 2 or more substances combine to make new. The use of plastic building materials in commercial and residential construction has dramatically increased due to improved plastic material performance, efficient use of technologies in new applications, and the need for lightweight, durable materials for insulating and construction purposes. Some examples of flammable liquids include common solvents like acetone, many paints, and alcohols such as methanol or the kind you might use to toast your love with in a few days. 1% in air. These compounds are found in non-living things. Thus, hydrogen that is. The enormous volume and frequency of use of flammable and combustible liquids and gases handled worldwide implies that the risk of industrial accidents is great. But h ydro gen ’s buo y anc y, diffusivit and small molecular siz e make it difficult t o c ntain and create a combustible situation. Hydrogen safety. 7 psi (101 kPa) of pressure and a temperature of 68°F (20°C) in accordance with ASTM E 681. The equivalence ratio is established from the predetermined fuel and air flows feeding into the upstream furnace. 2. The testing gas is determined to be ignited, if the maximum flame propagation included angle from the point of ignition to flame propagation along the wall of the bottle (defined as α) is larger than 90°, which was shown in Fig. A material is considered to be flammable if its flashpoint is any value of temperature below 100. Powder and dust burning tests: Burning tests determine the ignitability and combustibility of powders. 2. . 1: For non-combustibility AS 1530. Because many people don't realize the technical difference between flammability and combustibility, it's a common mistake to call kerosene a flammable liquid. The words come from Latin. )”. Fire Safety Design and Evaluation Fire safety involves prevention, containment, detection, and evacuation. It should be kept away from open flames and heat sources such as burning cigarettes, lighters, matches, space heaters or any other potential ignition source, because if ignited, FPF can burn rapidly. Feikema, The combustion rates of various textiles, Melliand Textilber. 62. If a combustible material is exposed to fire or heat, it is likely to ignite, burn or release flammable vapours. Flammability labelling should be indelible, easily legible and visible, on the inner (primary) and outer (secondary) packaging. , a small spark will ignite it), as. The Flammable Range (also called Explosive Range) is the concentration range of a gas or vapor that will burn (or explode) if an ignition source is introduced. As noted by Carpenter and Janssens (2005), one of the biggest obstacles to the use of the cone calorimeter for combustibility is the implementation of a classification system that does not disrupt the status quo. Generally, any substance that is classified as flammable has a much lower ignition temperature, or flashpoint, compared to one that is classified as combustible. to fire characteristics of a materia l. p. Within theoretical flammability diagrams, two types of flammability problems can be solved. E SOJA, C WADE, in Flammability Testing of Materials Used in Construction, Transport and Mining, 2006. Flammable materials have flashpoints below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, while combustible materials have flashpoints above 100 degrees Fahrenheit and below 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Organic compounds are non polar that's why they are soluble in non polar solvent while inorganic are mostly polar so they are soluble in polar solvent. brittleness. Organic compounds form covalent bonds. Examples of non-combustible materials include steel, masonry, ceramics and certain insulating materials. absolute at 100. No, it’s not. 71 8. 8% by volume or partial pressure. 3 ºC. Combustibility Before delving into wine’s specific behavior, let’s distinguish between flammability and combustibility. info@qai. If a material burns in air, it is combustible. Liquids with high Combustibility and low flashpoint are those liquids that can be smelled. 4. In general, a flammable liquid burns easier than a combustible. Examples of nonflammable materials include helium, glass, and steel. Inflammable and flammable are used to mean the same thing. 33°C) (source). Editors may also seek a reassessment of the decision if they believe there was a mistake. J. Generally, a material can be rated as extremely flammable, flammable, and non-flammable. Fiberglass reinforced polymer is a type of composite material, in which epoxy or a similar resin is used to merge the fiber glass layer with the polymer. Generally speaking, flammable liquids will ignite (catch on fire) and burn easily at normal working temperatures. In this paper, a newly designed ACHP system, applied in a type of EV, was. Floor coverings classified as A2fl to Dfl must. ) in the Adriatic region in Croatia, and to analyse the impacts of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) on the flammability and combustibility of these two species. It means they are less volatile and hence, they will not burn easily at working temperature i. Flammability and ignitability. Flammability is calculated with the help of fire testing. 2. The words “flammable” and “combustible” have very specific meaning within the context of fire prevention and suppression. A combustible liquid does not catch fire as easily as a flammable liquid. A chemically unstable gas is a flammable gas that is able to react explosively even in the absence of air or oxygen. Unalloyed aluminum. division ref. Doug W 289 subscribers Subscribe 47K views 10 years ago Here's a simple demonstration that illustrates the difference between a flammable liquid and a. 5 has discussed the. e. at 70 °F or, regardless of the pressure at 70 °F, having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 p. Stroup A ny material capable of burning with a flame is considered flammable. Here we will discuss flammable vs inflammable materials. One of the largest causes for loss in process industries for both equipment and life is fire. Stroup A ny material capable of burning with a flame is considered flammable. No new substances are formed. Introduction: definition of flammability. Now, let's demystify the flammability of leather. DOT’s 49 CFR Rules for Class 3 and 4 Materials. Wood is one of the most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally benign materials. Combustibility. As nouns the difference between combustibility and flammability is that combustibility is the quality or state of being combustible while flammability is (uncountable) the condition of being flammable. The boiling point of a combustible liquid is always over 100 degrees Fahrenheit while a flammable liquid has a boiling point under 100 degrees. Liquids with lower flash points ignite easier. Classify each of the properties as physical or chemical. $endgroup$ –Flammability or inflammability means that something can be set on fire easily. There are numerous resources containing large amounts of gas flammability data (e. Generally speaking, timber structures can obtain high performance for fire resistance for wall, ceiling and floor structures, while the surface properties of wooden linings in the. A flammable or combustible material must normally reach its flash point before an. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is subject to quantification through fire testing. The principal focus is on products of combustion, with emphasis on toxins. Ensure your products are safe. vs. It shows that (x_{LU}) is almost unchanged by the dilution ratio, so MOC is almost constant, independent of the dilution of fuel. If you’re still a little confused, that’s okay. (i) The term “compressed gas” shall designate any material or mixture having in the container an absolute pressure exceeding 40 p. The compliance of a material to the BCA non-combustibility definition can be determined by conducting an AS1530. 461. Our extensive network of laboratories and scientists enables a fast and cost-effective response to your flammability testing. Class D – Small flame test duration of 30 seconds with less than 15 cm flame spread and a heat release of 750 watts per second or less. Some are commonly found in the outside world, in the home, or even in the classroom. By changing the available fuel the invader makes fires more likely and often hotter. Intertek has applied decades of flammability testing experience with building materials for UL 900 testing. this is the most important index for evaluating the flammability rating of a building material. combustibility: 1 n the quality of being capable of igniting and burning Synonyms: burnability , combustibleness Types: flammability , inflammability the quality of being easily ignited and burning rapidly Type of: quality an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someoneFlash Point is a term used by the US EPA when characterizing an Ignitable Hazardous Waste and the US DOT when classifying a Flammable or Combustible Liquid. 118". Anything between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit, also referred to as LEL and UEL, can ignite or explode in the. 5. Combustion heat or calorific value is calculated on the basis of the measured. plant-scale combustion rate; P = 0. Epoxy is certainly combustible (and flammable before curing) but once it's cured it no longer produces vapors that can ignite. Two UL 94 ratings that code officials commonly run across are HB and V (V-0, V-1, or V-2). As the white paper notes, any discussion of aluminum’s combustibility must begin with consideration of the physical and mechanical properties of aluminum and its alloys that relate to behavior in a fire. This means that if the paint thinner comes into contact with a small spark, it will not explode or catch fire. These cellulose fibrils are subsequently introduced to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to improve flame retardancy. 8°C and 93. Specifically, flammables will ignite at lower temperatures than combustibles when exposed to an ignition source. This substance is also used to make plastic and glass. -2 types: react w oxygen (rust patina tarnish) non reactive: doesn't react. Combustible materials typically require higher temperatures to ignite than flammable ones. 回答を翻訳 0 likesFlammability is a catch-all term to describe the reaction. org. There are three terms used to describe the combustibility of materials used for building construction, furnishings, finishes, decorations, and furniture: combustible, noncombustible, and limited combustible. Nylon, polyester and acrylic tend to be slow to ignite but once. Like ASHRAE standard 34, standard ISO 817 “Refrigerants —Designation and safety classification” provides an unambiguous system for assigning designations to refrigerants’ toxicity and flammability. Under WHMIS, a flammable liquid has a flash point* under 37. This page titled 1. Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above 100°F. If it does catch fire, PVC has a particularly slow spread of flame. If the draft label has no claim of non-flammability, skip this section. (countable) A measure of the extent to which something is flammable. Test Methods. Anything between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit, also referred to as LEL and UEL, can ignite or explode in the. Foliage with low moisture. For example, a. There may be suggestions below for improving the article. NFPA has six classes of flammable liquids. A different test logic is suggested to address these impediments: one toSuch feedbacks can occur when a flammable weed invades a less fire-prone ecosystem. USA 888. A flammable liquid is defined by NFPA as a liquid whose flash point does not exceed 100°F (37. FMVSS 302 (49 CFR 571. 2/ISO 11925/UL 94 : For flexible sarking (Flamability Test). Plant flammability can be decomposed into four components: ignitability (ease of plant ignition), combustibility (the speed or intensity at which a plant burns), sustainability (the length of time. Employ SGS to plan and deploy the appropriate flammability tests and programs for your products. ) in the Adriatic region in Croatia, and to analyse the impacts of climatic factors (temperature, humidity, and precipitation) on the flammability and combustibility of these two species. The enormous volume and frequency of use of flammable and combustible liquids and gases handled worldwide implies that the risk of industrial accidents is great. In conclusion, we can say that combustion is measured with the help of calorimetry. Plaskolite has tested TUFFAK® products to ASTM E84 and NFPA 286 flammability standards, report results can be found here: ICC -ES Report-2728 ICC-ES Report ESR-2728. Most significant is that fire officials approved Trex following testing for the burning hazards contained in forest fires. There is no set definition of the word “paint”. at 130 °F; or any liquid flammable material having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 p.